229 research outputs found

    Une sociologie foucaldienne du néolibéralisme est-elle possible ?

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    La question du nĂ©olibĂ©ralisme et de ses conditions d’émergence est apparue explicitement dans la pensĂ©e de Foucault entre 1977 et 1979, dans ses cours « SĂ©curitĂ©, territoire, population » et surtout « Naissance de la biopolitique ». Cet article propose une lecture dĂ©taillĂ©e de ces deux ensembles de leçons. AprĂšs avoir exposĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt pour les sciences sociales du concept de « gouvernementalité » et proposĂ© un bref panorama de ses usages, il montre comment Foucault l’applique pour l’étude de l’avĂšnement du nĂ©olibĂ©ralisme. Celui-ci se caractĂ©rise par la mise en place d’une politique de sociĂ©tĂ© crĂ©ant les conditions d’existence d’une forme idĂ©ale, parfaitement concurrentielle, de marchĂ© et d’ĂȘtre humain, plutĂŽt que par des politiques de rĂ©gulation par le marchĂ© ou bien de correction voire de substitution du marchĂ©. Le nĂ©olibĂ©ralisme est un art de gouverner par la mise en concurrence. Son premier terrain d’application est l’État et l’action publique elle-mĂȘme. L’originalitĂ© d’une sociologie foucaldienne de l’hĂ©gĂ©monie contemporaine du nĂ©olibĂ©ralisme consisterait, dans ce cadre, Ă  s’intĂ©resser spĂ©cifiquement Ă  ses technologies sociales, Ă  leur gĂ©nĂ©alogie, leur circulation, leur hybridation et leurs effets, en particulier aux techniques intellectuelles qui autorisent Ă  « façonner les gens » et Ă  gouverner Ă  distance. DĂ©velopper un tel programme de recherches peut se faire grĂące Ă  l’appui de rĂ©sultats dĂ©jĂ  existants, qu’il faut maintenant relier, provenant de l’histoire et la sociologie des sciences et des sciences sociales ainsi que de l’histoire et la sociologie des politiques publiques et des instruments de gouvernement.The question of neo-liberalism and the conditions for its emergence appeared explicitly in Foucault’s thought between 1977 and 1979, in his courses entitled SĂ©curitĂ©, Territoire, Population and above all Naissance de la biopolitique. This article proposes a detailed reading of these series of lectures. After exposing the interest for the social sciences of the concept of ‘governmentality’ and proposing a brief overview of its uses, it shows how Foucault applies this to the study of the emergence of neo-liberalism. The latter is characterized by the implanting of a policy of society creating conditions for the existence of an ideal, perfectly competitive form of market and human being, rather than by policies of regulation by the market or through the correction or substitution of the market. Neo-liberalism is an art of governing through competition. Its first area of application is the State and public action itself. The originality of a Foucaldian sociology of the contemporary hegemony of neo-liberalism would consist, within this framework, in focussing specifically on its social technologies, their genealogy, circulation, hybridation and effects, particularly the intellectual techniques which authorize ”shaping people’ and governing at a distance. Developing such a research program is possible through the linking up of already existing data stemming from the history and sociology of the sciences and social sciences as well as from the history and sociology of public policies and instruments of government.La cuestiĂłn del neoliberalismo y de sus condiciones de emergencia apareciĂł explĂ­citamente en el pensamiento de Foucault entre 1977 y 1979, en sus cursos Seguridad, Territorio, PoblaciĂłn y sobre todo Nacimiento de la biopolitica. Este artĂ­culo propone una lectura detallada de estos dos conjuntos de lecciones. DespuĂ©s de haber expuesto el interĂ©s para las ciencias sociales del concepto de “gubernamentalidad” y haber propuesto un breve panorama de sus usos, muestra cĂłmo Foucault lo aplica para el estudio de la llegada del neoliberalismo. Éste se caracteriza por la instauraciĂłn de una polĂ­tica de la sociedad que crea las condiciones de existencia de una forma ideal, perfectamente competitiva, de mercado y del ser humano, mĂĄs bien que por polĂ­ticas de regulaciĂłn por el mercado o de correcciĂłn o incluso de sustituciĂłn del mercado. El neoliberalismo es un arte de controlar por la apertura a la competencia. Su primer terreno de aplicaciĂłn es el Estado y la acciĂłn pĂșblica misma. La originalidad de una sociologĂ­a foucauldiana de la hegemonĂ­a contemporĂĄnea del neoliberalismo consistirĂ­a, en este marco, en interesarse especĂ­ficamente por sus tecnologĂ­as sociales, por su genealogĂ­a, su circulaciĂłn, su hibridaciĂłn y sus efectos, en particular por las tĂ©cnicas intelectuales que autorizan “de modelar la gente” y controlar a distancia. Desarrollar tal programa de investigaciones puede hacerse gracias al apoyo de resultados ya existentes, que es necesario conectar ahora, procediendo de la historia y la sociologĂ­a de las ciencias y ciencias sociales asĂ­ como de la historia y la sociologĂ­a de las polĂ­ticas pĂșblicas e instrumentos de Gobierno

    Une sociologie foucaldienne du néolibéralisme est-elle possible ?

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    La question du nĂ©olibĂ©ralisme et de ses conditions d’émergence est apparue explicitement dans la pensĂ©e de Foucault entre 1977 et 1979, dans ses cours « SĂ©curitĂ©, territoire, population » et surtout « Naissance de la biopolitique ». Cet article propose une lecture dĂ©taillĂ©e de ces deux ensembles de leçons. AprĂšs avoir exposĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt pour les sciences sociales du concept de « gouvernementalité » et proposĂ© un bref panorama de ses usages, il montre comment Foucault l’applique pour l’étude de l’avĂšnement du nĂ©olibĂ©ralisme. Celui-ci se caractĂ©rise par la mise en place d’une politique de sociĂ©tĂ© crĂ©ant les conditions d’existence d’une forme idĂ©ale, parfaitement concurrentielle, de marchĂ© et d’ĂȘtre humain, plutĂŽt que par des politiques de rĂ©gulation par le marchĂ© ou bien de correction voire de substitution du marchĂ©. Le nĂ©olibĂ©ralisme est un art de gouverner par la mise en concurrence. Son premier terrain d’application est l’État et l’action publique elle-mĂȘme. L’originalitĂ© d’une sociologie foucaldienne de l’hĂ©gĂ©monie contemporaine du nĂ©olibĂ©ralisme consisterait, dans ce cadre, Ă  s’intĂ©resser spĂ©cifiquement Ă  ses technologies sociales, Ă  leur gĂ©nĂ©alogie, leur circulation, leur hybridation et leurs effets, en particulier aux techniques intellectuelles qui autorisent Ă  « façonner les gens » et Ă  gouverner Ă  distance. DĂ©velopper un tel programme de recherches peut se faire grĂące Ă  l’appui de rĂ©sultats dĂ©jĂ  existants, qu’il faut maintenant relier, provenant de l’histoire et la sociologie des sciences et des sciences sociales ainsi que de l’histoire et la sociologie des politiques publiques et des instruments de gouvernement.The question of neo-liberalism and the conditions for its emergence appeared explicitly in Foucault’s thought between 1977 and 1979, in his courses entitled SĂ©curitĂ©, Territoire, Population and above all Naissance de la biopolitique. This article proposes a detailed reading of these series of lectures. After exposing the interest for the social sciences of the concept of ‘governmentality’ and proposing a brief overview of its uses, it shows how Foucault applies this to the study of the emergence of neo-liberalism. The latter is characterized by the implanting of a policy of society creating conditions for the existence of an ideal, perfectly competitive form of market and human being, rather than by policies of regulation by the market or through the correction or substitution of the market. Neo-liberalism is an art of governing through competition. Its first area of application is the State and public action itself. The originality of a Foucaldian sociology of the contemporary hegemony of neo-liberalism would consist, within this framework, in focussing specifically on its social technologies, their genealogy, circulation, hybridation and effects, particularly the intellectual techniques which authorize ”shaping people’ and governing at a distance. Developing such a research program is possible through the linking up of already existing data stemming from the history and sociology of the sciences and social sciences as well as from the history and sociology of public policies and instruments of government.La cuestiĂłn del neoliberalismo y de sus condiciones de emergencia apareciĂł explĂ­citamente en el pensamiento de Foucault entre 1977 y 1979, en sus cursos Seguridad, Territorio, PoblaciĂłn y sobre todo Nacimiento de la biopolitica. Este artĂ­culo propone una lectura detallada de estos dos conjuntos de lecciones. DespuĂ©s de haber expuesto el interĂ©s para las ciencias sociales del concepto de “gubernamentalidad” y haber propuesto un breve panorama de sus usos, muestra cĂłmo Foucault lo aplica para el estudio de la llegada del neoliberalismo. Éste se caracteriza por la instauraciĂłn de una polĂ­tica de la sociedad que crea las condiciones de existencia de una forma ideal, perfectamente competitiva, de mercado y del ser humano, mĂĄs bien que por polĂ­ticas de regulaciĂłn por el mercado o de correcciĂłn o incluso de sustituciĂłn del mercado. El neoliberalismo es un arte de controlar por la apertura a la competencia. Su primer terreno de aplicaciĂłn es el Estado y la acciĂłn pĂșblica misma. La originalidad de una sociologĂ­a foucauldiana de la hegemonĂ­a contemporĂĄnea del neoliberalismo consistirĂ­a, en este marco, en interesarse especĂ­ficamente por sus tecnologĂ­as sociales, por su genealogĂ­a, su circulaciĂłn, su hibridaciĂłn y sus efectos, en particular por las tĂ©cnicas intelectuales que autorizan “de modelar la gente” y controlar a distancia. Desarrollar tal programa de investigaciones puede hacerse gracias al apoyo de resultados ya existentes, que es necesario conectar ahora, procediendo de la historia y la sociologĂ­a de las ciencias y ciencias sociales asĂ­ como de la historia y la sociologĂ­a de las polĂ­ticas pĂșblicas e instrumentos de Gobierno

    Invention et rĂ©inventions transatlantiques de la “Critical Theory”

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    RĂ©sumĂ©D’oĂč vient l’étiquette «Critical Theory» employĂ©e dans les campus et les bibliothĂšques anglophones, mais sans Ă©quivalent en Europe continentale? L’article revient sur les origines du concept et du label forgĂ©s par le philosophe allemand Max Horkheimer en 1937 dans le cadre de l’exil amĂ©ricain de l’Institut fĂŒr Sozialforschung, en cherchant les circonstances et les raisons de son abandon presque immĂ©diat, puis celles de sa rĂ©invention soudaine qui date en Allemagne et aux États-Unis des Ă©vĂ©nements de 1968. La signification d’une telle Ă©clipse et d’une telle renaissance ne se comprend pour Adorno et Horkheimer que dans un cadre d’analyse transnational, celui d’un espace intellectuel intercontinental oĂč se sont posĂ©s le problĂšme de la double marginalitĂ© de l’émigrĂ© et celui d’une asymĂ©trie dĂ©favorable Ă  la science et Ă  la culture europĂ©ennes. Les changements de «prĂ©sentation de soi» des deux philosophes ont Ă©tĂ© le prix Ă  payer pour maintenir statut et identitĂ© malgrĂ© le dĂ©classement de l’exil et le risque de dĂ©classement Ă  leur retour en Allemagne. Les variations dans l’usage, par ses crĂ©ateurs mĂȘmes, du label «ThĂ©orie critique» ont autorisĂ© la pratique d’un double jeu cumulant, vis-Ă -vis d’élites universitaires amĂ©ricaines ascendantes au niveau mondial, les bĂ©nĂ©fices de la loyautĂ© et ceux de la critique. Elles ont permis d’occuper pendant plusieurs dĂ©cennies une position d’intermĂ©diaires universitaires transatlantiques tout en dĂ©nonçant les traits et les effets de l’hĂ©gĂ©monie culturelle amĂ©ricaine. L’article souligne plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement l’importance d’une analyse spĂ©cifique des conditions sociales et subjectives des processus de catĂ©gorisation et d’étiquetage intellectuel, de migration conceptuelle et de mondialisation culturelle.AbstractWhere does the label «Critical Theory» come from that circulates on American campuses and libraries but has no equivalent in continental Europe? This article recounts the origins of the concept and label coined by the German philosopher, Max Horkheimer, in 1937 during the exile in America of the Institut fĂŒr Sozialforschung; and describes the circumstances and the reasons of its abandonment soon afterwards and of its reinvention in 1968 both in Germany and the United States. The reasons of this abandonment and of this rebirth can only be understood at the scale of an international academic field where questions arose for Adorno and Horkheimer about their dual outsider status of emigrants and about the new asymmetry of international intellectual relations that weighted on European science and culture after the 1940s. The switch for thirty years in Adorno’s and Horkheimer’s self-presentation was the subjective price to pay in order to maintain their status and identity despite the loss of position during exile and the risk to lose their position upon return in Germany. Variations in the use of the label «Critical Theory» by its creators enabled them to accumulate the symbolic profits from both loyalty and criticism towards the American academic elites becoming dominant worldwide. This strategy helped them occupy a position of transatlantic academic brokers while denouncing the consequences of American cultural and scientific hegemony. It is argued that the social and subjective conditions of the circulation of ideas and labels, the «migration of concepts» and cultural globalization are more generally important

    The Transatlantic Invention and Reinventions of “Critical Theory”

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    Where does the phrase “critical theory” that circulates on Americancampuses but has no equivalent in continental Europe come from? This article recounts the intellectual and social origins of the concept and labelcoined by the German philosopher Max Horkheimer, in 1937, during theexile of the Institut fĂŒr Sozialforschung in America; and describes thecircumstances in which it was given up soon afterwards (and until 1968).The reasons for discontinuing the use of this term can only be understoodthrough a transnational analysis of an international academia wherequestions could arise about the conditions underlying an intermediateand intercultural position – and about the dual outsider status ofemigrants. The switch for thirty years in Adorno’s and Horkheimer’s selfpresentationwas the subjective price to pay in order to practice a socialgame that, accumulating the profits from both participation and criticism,maintained a personal status and identity despite the loss of positionduring exile and reclassification upon return. The subjective socialconditions of the “migration of concepts” and cultural globalization areimportant, especially for measuring asymmetries.Qual seria a origem da expressĂŁo “Critical Theory” que circula pelasuniversidades norte-americanas, mas sem equivalĂȘncia na Europacontinental? Esse artigo relata as origens intelectuais e sociais desseconceito e dessa designação, cunhados pelo filĂłsofo alemĂŁo MaxHorkheimer, em 1937, durante o exĂ­lio do Institut fĂŒr Sozialforschungna AmĂ©rica. Ele descreve tambĂ©m as circunstĂąncias do abandonodesta etiqueta logo depois (e atĂ© 1968). As razĂ”es da interrupção douso deste termo sĂł podem ser compreendidas por meio de uma anĂĄlisetransnacional de um mundo acadĂȘmico internacional. AtravĂ©s dela, asperguntas poderiam surgir em torno das condiçÔes subjacentes a umaposição intermediĂĄria e intercultural – e em torno do duplo status deoutsider dos emigrantes. As mudanças de Adorno e de Horkheimer, aolongo de trinta anos, nas suas autoapresentaçÔes, foram o preço subjetivoa pagar para a prĂĄtica de um jogo social que, acumulando os lucros departicipação e de crĂ­tica, manteve um status e uma identidade, apesarda perda de suas posiçÔes, durante o exĂ­lio, e de suas reclassificaçÔes,apĂłs o regresso. As condiçÔes subjetivas sociais da “migração deconceitos” e da globalização cultural importam, especialmente, paramedir as assimetrias

    DECENTRALIZED MULTI-ROBOT PLANNING TO EXPLORE AND PERCEIVE

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    In a recent French robotic contest, the objective was to develop a multi-robot system able to autonomously map and explore an unknown area while also detecting and localizing objects. As a participant in this challenge, we proposed a new decentralized Markov decision process (Dec-MDP) resolution based on distributed value functions (DVF) to compute multi-robot exploration strategies. The idea is to take advantage of sparse interactions by allowing each robot to calculate locally a strategy that maximizes the explored space while minimizing robots interactions. In this paper, we propose an adaptation of this method to improve also object recognition by integrating into the DVF the interest in covering explored areas with photos. The robots will then act to maximize the explored space and the photo coverage, ensuring better perception and object recognition

    COACHES Cooperative Autonomous Robots in Complex and Human Populated Environments

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    Public spaces in large cities are increasingly becoming complex and unwelcoming environments. Public spaces progressively become more hostile and unpleasant to use because of the overcrowding and complex information in signboards. It is in the interest of cities to make their public spaces easier to use, friendlier to visitors and safer to increasing elderly population and to citizens with disabilities. Meanwhile, we observe, in the last decade a tremendous progress in the development of robots in dynamic, complex and uncertain environments. The new challenge for the near future is to deploy a network of robots in public spaces to accomplish services that can help humans. Inspired by the aforementioned challenges, COACHES project addresses fundamental issues related to the design of a robust system of self-directed autonomous robots with high-level skills of environment modelling and scene understanding, distributed autonomous decision-making, short-term interacting with humans and robust and safe navigation in overcrowding spaces. To this end, COACHES will provide an integrated solution to new challenges on: (1) a knowledge-based representation of the environment, (2) human activities and needs estimation using Markov and Bayesian techniques, (3) distributed decision-making under uncertainty to collectively plan activities of assistance, guidance and delivery tasks using Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes with efficient algorithms to improve their scalability and (4) a multi-modal and short-term human-robot interaction to exchange information and requests. COACHES project will provide a modular architecture to be integrated in real robots. We deploy COACHES at Caen city in a mall called “Rive de l’orne”. COACHES is a cooperative system consisting of ?xed cameras and the mobile robots. The ?xed cameras can do object detection, tracking and abnormal events detection (objects or behaviour). The robots combine these information with the ones perceived via their own sensor, to provide information through its multi-modal interface, guide people to their destinations, show tramway stations and transport goods for elderly people, etc.... The COACHES robots will use different modalities (speech and displayed information) to interact with the mall visitors, shopkeepers and mall managers. The project has enlisted an important an end-user (Caen la mer) providing the scenarios where the COACHES robots and systems will be deployed, and gather together universities with complementary competences from cognitive systems (SU), robust image/video processing (VUB, UNICAEN), and semantic scene analysis and understanding (VUB), Collective decision-making using decentralized partially observable Markov Decision Processes and multi-agent planning (UNICAEN, Sapienza), multi-modal and short-term human-robot interaction (Sapienza, UNICAEN

    Contrefactuels en histoire : du mot au mode d’emploi. Le moment de la new economic history

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    L’approche contrefactuelle dĂ©signe, pour les historiens, une forme particuliĂšre que peut prendre le rĂ©cit historique ou la pratique de l’histoire. Raisonner contrefactuellement, dans ce cadre, c’est se demander ce qui se serait passĂ© si la rĂ©alitĂ© avait Ă©tĂ© diffĂ©rente. Le plus souvent, il s’agit de supprimer en pensĂ©e un Ă©vĂ©nement ou une rĂ©alitĂ© historique et de s’interroger sur les consĂ©quences de cette suppression. Que se serait-il passĂ© si Hitler Ă©tait mort pendant la PremiĂšre Guerre mondi..

    Indicators of the Internationalization of the Social Sciences and Humanities

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    This contribution, which is part of the collaborative European research project INTERCOSSH, presents indicators for studying the internationalization of the social and human sciences. Five dimensions are distinguished and for each one of them various indicators are presented. Although neither the dimensions nor the indicators are exhaustive, they capture some of the most significant aspects of internationalization. They pertain to international scholarly associations, international scholarly journals, the flows and meanings of book translations, transnational authorship, and policies of internationalization. In addition to these dimensions, three particular areas of inquiry are presented: changing relations between the North and the South, between Western and Eastern Europe, and between the West and Asia

    COACHES: an assistance multi-robot system in public areas

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    In this paper, we present a robust system of self-directed autonomous robots evolving in a complex and public spaces and interacting with people. This system integrates highlevel skills of environment modeling using knowledge-based modeling and reasoning and scene understanding with robust image and video analysis, distributed autonomous decisionmaking using Markov decision process and Petri-Net planning, short-term interacting with humans and robust and safe navigation in overcrowding spaces. This system has been deployed in a variety of public environments such as a shopping mall, a center of congress and in a lab to assist people and visitors. The results are very satisfying showing the effectiveness of the system and going beyond just a simple proof of concepts

    Exils de Pascale Casanova

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    C’est un honneur pour moi de prendre part au juste hommage rendu Ă  Pascale Casanova : pour des raisons scientifiques, parce que son Ɠuvre a Ă©tĂ© une source d’inspiration cardinale dans mon travail, et pour des raisons personnelles, parce que j’ai eu le privilĂšge de la frĂ©quenter depuis 2005. Avant notre rencontre, qui eut lieu Ă  l’occasion d’un colloque en Suisse d’un rĂ©seau scientifique international (Pour un espace des sciences sociales europĂ©en) animĂ© par Franz Schultheis, le nom de Pascale..
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